...Мне нравится,что Вы больны не мной,Мне нравится,что я больна не Вами...
TOPIC № 18
The world of sport. The history of sport and Olympic movement. Say whether you do sport or not, if yes, how it helps you to keep fit and healthy. What sports are the most attractive for you?
A lot of people all over the world are interested in sport. Sport helps people to stay in good shape, keeps them fit, healthy and makes them more organized and better disciplined in there daily activities. We have always paid great attention to sport in our schools, colleges and universities. Every city and town has a few stadiums or swimming pools where local competitions are usually held. It's been a tradition in Russia to divide sport into professional. A great number of world records have been set by Russian sportsmen: gymnasts, tennis players, swimmers, high jumpers. Our sportsmen also participate in the Olympic games and always win a lot of gold, silver and bronze medals. The Olympic Games have a very long history. They began in 777 BC in Greece and took place every four years for nearly twelve centuries at Olimpia. They included many different kinds of sports: running, boxing, wrestling, etc. All the cities in Greece sent their best athletes to Olympia to compete in the Games. For the period of the Games all the wars stopped. So the Olympic Games became the symbol of peace and friendship. In 394 AD the Games were abolished and were not renewed until many centuries later. In 1894, a Frenchman, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, addressed all the sports governing bodies and pointed out the significance of sports and its educational value. Two years later the first modern Olympic Games took place. Today the Olympic Games include many types of athletics and games, for example, swimming, running races, boxing, wrestling, skiing. In my opinion everyone need to do sport, because sport makes human healthy and fit.
Topic 1
Great Britain. General out look.
The official name of Great Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Great Britain lies on the Atlantic coast of Western Europe, separated from France by only 34 km of water. The territory of Great Britain is small. It takes 6 hours to travel in a fast train, from London, the capital of England, to Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.
About 57 million people live in Great Britain. However there are only nine other countries with more people, and London is the world’s seventh biggest city.
There are a lot of rivers in GB, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.
Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. Its known as one of the largest producers and exporters of textiles, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.
Great Britain consists from four areas: Scotland, Northern Ireland, England and Wales. The capital of Wales is Cardiff, the capital of Scotland is Edinburgh, the capital of Northern Ireland is Belfast. Every country has its own national emblem.
The capital of the U.K. is London, in England. London is built on the river Thames. It is a world center for business and money trading. Its also the country’s largest port and a cultural center with museums and theaters.
There are four main nationalities in the U.K.: the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish. Each of them has its own language and culture.
The sea connects Britain with most European countries such as: Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Russia and some other countries.
The way of rule in Great Britain is rather interesting nowadays – constitutional monarchy. The monarch reigns but does not rule. Royal Family plays a very important role in the country. The head of the state is a king or a queen. A constitutional monarch is one who can rule only with the support of Parliament. The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The age of absolute monarchy ended long ago.
TOPIC N 14
The exiting world of travelling. Famous explorers and travelers. Different ways of travelling. Modern kinds of transport, their advantages and environmental problems connected with them. Your own experience and preferences in choosing means of conveyance.
Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling. They travel to see other continents. It’s always interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to meet different people, to try different food, to listen to different musical rhythms.
Also travelling was one of the most popular economic activity.
People began to travel ages ago. Even in Middle ages rich peoples liked to have journeys to other countries to learn how people lives in other land, to buy something, to explore places of interest.
Their journeys were very dangerous but still people keep on going to the unknown lands.
There were many great explorers all over the world, for example, Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan, Amerigo Vespucci. And there were many Russian explorers, for example, Vitus Bering, Adam Kruzenstern, Ivan Rebrov.
And today tourism is the world’s second largest industry employing more people than oil industry.
Thousands of people travel every day either on business or for pleasure. People travel by train, by plane, by boat, by car, by bike and on foot. Travelling by air is the fastest and the most convenient way of traveling, but it is the most expensive one. Trevelling by train is slower then by plane, but it has its advantages. You can see much more interesting places of the country you are travelling through. Trevelling by sea is popular mostly for pleasure trips. Trips on the Volga, the Yenisei, the Dnieper are very popular in our country.
As for me I prefer to travel on the train, because when you come to another country you see its nature, and if you travel on the plane you won’t see any nature.
Ещё есть доклад. Круговорот серы.
Сера содержится в атмосфере в небольших количествах, в основном, в виде сероводорода и диоксида серы. Довольно много этого элемента (в виде сульфат-ионов) находится в гидросфере. В литосфере сера встречается в виде простого вещества (самородная сера) и в составе многочисленных минералов – сульфидов и сульфатов металлов. Кроме того, соединения серы есть в углях, сланцах, нефти, природном газе. Сера входит в состав многих белков, поэтому она всегда содержится в организмах животных и растений.
Выделяясь из глубин Земли, газообразные соединения серы (преимущественно диоксид серы и сероводород) растворяются в подземных водах. Здесь они образуют малорастворимые сульфиды (главным образом пирит – дисульфид железа FeS2) и сульфаты (в частности, сульфат кальция CaSO4). Образуется также самородная сера:
2H2S + SO2 = 3S + 2H2O
Газообразные соединения серы попадают в почву, атмосферу и Мировой океан, где их поглощают серные бактерии. Поглощение соединений серы бактериями происходит и в почве.
Малорастворимые сульфиды, содержащиеся в горных породах, в результате жизнедеятельности некоторых бактерий частично окисляются, превращаясь в легко растворимые сульфаты:
FeS + 2O2 = FeSO4
Водорастворимые сульфаты выносятся с поверхности суши с речным стоком, поставляя сульфат-ионы в Мировой океан.
В результате активного связывания серы в земной коре, гидросфере и живых организмах, содержание сероводорода и диоксида серы в атмосфере мало и непостоянно. Под действием кислорода и озона эти вещества постепенно превращаются в серную кислоту:
2SO2 + О2 2SО3
SO2 + О3 = SО3 + О2
SО3+ H2О = H2SO4
H2S + 2О3 = H2SO4 + О2
Серная кислота возвращается на землю с атмосферными осадками
Хозяйственная деятельность людей приводит к увеличению содержания соединений серы в атмосфере и гидросфере. В результате изменений в методах животноводства и земледелия (выпас, вспашка, мелиорация) увеличились выбросы серосодержащих соединений в виде пыли. Еще больше серы попадает в атмосферу в форме диоксида серы при обжиге сульфидных руд. Это, в свою очередь, вызывает увеличение потока серы, попадающей из атмосферы в океаны и на поверхность суши. Природные воды загрязняются также удобрениями с полей и стоками промышленных предприятий.
Таким образом, человеческая деятельность существенно изменила круговорот серы между атмосферой, океанами и поверхностью суши. Эти изменения сильнее, чем воздействие человека на цикл углерода. Как и в случае глобального цикла углерода, техногенные выбросы серы в окружающую среду мало влияют на распределение масс этого элемента на поверхности Земли. Однако повышенное содержание серы в промышленных и бытовых отходах создают опасность для жизни на обширных территориях. Массированный выброс диоксида серы в атмосферу порождает кислотные дожди, которые могут выпадать далеко за пределами индустриальных районов. Загрязнение природных вод растворимыми соединениями серы несет угрозу живым организмам внутренних водоемов и прибрежных областей морей.
The world of sport. The history of sport and Olympic movement. Say whether you do sport or not, if yes, how it helps you to keep fit and healthy. What sports are the most attractive for you?
A lot of people all over the world are interested in sport. Sport helps people to stay in good shape, keeps them fit, healthy and makes them more organized and better disciplined in there daily activities. We have always paid great attention to sport in our schools, colleges and universities. Every city and town has a few stadiums or swimming pools where local competitions are usually held. It's been a tradition in Russia to divide sport into professional. A great number of world records have been set by Russian sportsmen: gymnasts, tennis players, swimmers, high jumpers. Our sportsmen also participate in the Olympic games and always win a lot of gold, silver and bronze medals. The Olympic Games have a very long history. They began in 777 BC in Greece and took place every four years for nearly twelve centuries at Olimpia. They included many different kinds of sports: running, boxing, wrestling, etc. All the cities in Greece sent their best athletes to Olympia to compete in the Games. For the period of the Games all the wars stopped. So the Olympic Games became the symbol of peace and friendship. In 394 AD the Games were abolished and were not renewed until many centuries later. In 1894, a Frenchman, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, addressed all the sports governing bodies and pointed out the significance of sports and its educational value. Two years later the first modern Olympic Games took place. Today the Olympic Games include many types of athletics and games, for example, swimming, running races, boxing, wrestling, skiing. In my opinion everyone need to do sport, because sport makes human healthy and fit.
Topic 1
Great Britain. General out look.
The official name of Great Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Great Britain lies on the Atlantic coast of Western Europe, separated from France by only 34 km of water. The territory of Great Britain is small. It takes 6 hours to travel in a fast train, from London, the capital of England, to Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.
About 57 million people live in Great Britain. However there are only nine other countries with more people, and London is the world’s seventh biggest city.
There are a lot of rivers in GB, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.
Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. Its known as one of the largest producers and exporters of textiles, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.
Great Britain consists from four areas: Scotland, Northern Ireland, England and Wales. The capital of Wales is Cardiff, the capital of Scotland is Edinburgh, the capital of Northern Ireland is Belfast. Every country has its own national emblem.
The capital of the U.K. is London, in England. London is built on the river Thames. It is a world center for business and money trading. Its also the country’s largest port and a cultural center with museums and theaters.
There are four main nationalities in the U.K.: the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish. Each of them has its own language and culture.
The sea connects Britain with most European countries such as: Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Russia and some other countries.
The way of rule in Great Britain is rather interesting nowadays – constitutional monarchy. The monarch reigns but does not rule. Royal Family plays a very important role in the country. The head of the state is a king or a queen. A constitutional monarch is one who can rule only with the support of Parliament. The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The age of absolute monarchy ended long ago.
TOPIC N 14
The exiting world of travelling. Famous explorers and travelers. Different ways of travelling. Modern kinds of transport, their advantages and environmental problems connected with them. Your own experience and preferences in choosing means of conveyance.
Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling. They travel to see other continents. It’s always interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to meet different people, to try different food, to listen to different musical rhythms.
Also travelling was one of the most popular economic activity.
People began to travel ages ago. Even in Middle ages rich peoples liked to have journeys to other countries to learn how people lives in other land, to buy something, to explore places of interest.
Their journeys were very dangerous but still people keep on going to the unknown lands.
There were many great explorers all over the world, for example, Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan, Amerigo Vespucci. And there were many Russian explorers, for example, Vitus Bering, Adam Kruzenstern, Ivan Rebrov.
And today tourism is the world’s second largest industry employing more people than oil industry.
Thousands of people travel every day either on business or for pleasure. People travel by train, by plane, by boat, by car, by bike and on foot. Travelling by air is the fastest and the most convenient way of traveling, but it is the most expensive one. Trevelling by train is slower then by plane, but it has its advantages. You can see much more interesting places of the country you are travelling through. Trevelling by sea is popular mostly for pleasure trips. Trips on the Volga, the Yenisei, the Dnieper are very popular in our country.
As for me I prefer to travel on the train, because when you come to another country you see its nature, and if you travel on the plane you won’t see any nature.
Ещё есть доклад. Круговорот серы.
Сера содержится в атмосфере в небольших количествах, в основном, в виде сероводорода и диоксида серы. Довольно много этого элемента (в виде сульфат-ионов) находится в гидросфере. В литосфере сера встречается в виде простого вещества (самородная сера) и в составе многочисленных минералов – сульфидов и сульфатов металлов. Кроме того, соединения серы есть в углях, сланцах, нефти, природном газе. Сера входит в состав многих белков, поэтому она всегда содержится в организмах животных и растений.
Выделяясь из глубин Земли, газообразные соединения серы (преимущественно диоксид серы и сероводород) растворяются в подземных водах. Здесь они образуют малорастворимые сульфиды (главным образом пирит – дисульфид железа FeS2) и сульфаты (в частности, сульфат кальция CaSO4). Образуется также самородная сера:
2H2S + SO2 = 3S + 2H2O
Газообразные соединения серы попадают в почву, атмосферу и Мировой океан, где их поглощают серные бактерии. Поглощение соединений серы бактериями происходит и в почве.
Малорастворимые сульфиды, содержащиеся в горных породах, в результате жизнедеятельности некоторых бактерий частично окисляются, превращаясь в легко растворимые сульфаты:
FeS + 2O2 = FeSO4
Водорастворимые сульфаты выносятся с поверхности суши с речным стоком, поставляя сульфат-ионы в Мировой океан.
В результате активного связывания серы в земной коре, гидросфере и живых организмах, содержание сероводорода и диоксида серы в атмосфере мало и непостоянно. Под действием кислорода и озона эти вещества постепенно превращаются в серную кислоту:
2SO2 + О2 2SО3
SO2 + О3 = SО3 + О2
SО3+ H2О = H2SO4
H2S + 2О3 = H2SO4 + О2
Серная кислота возвращается на землю с атмосферными осадками
Хозяйственная деятельность людей приводит к увеличению содержания соединений серы в атмосфере и гидросфере. В результате изменений в методах животноводства и земледелия (выпас, вспашка, мелиорация) увеличились выбросы серосодержащих соединений в виде пыли. Еще больше серы попадает в атмосферу в форме диоксида серы при обжиге сульфидных руд. Это, в свою очередь, вызывает увеличение потока серы, попадающей из атмосферы в океаны и на поверхность суши. Природные воды загрязняются также удобрениями с полей и стоками промышленных предприятий.
Таким образом, человеческая деятельность существенно изменила круговорот серы между атмосферой, океанами и поверхностью суши. Эти изменения сильнее, чем воздействие человека на цикл углерода. Как и в случае глобального цикла углерода, техногенные выбросы серы в окружающую среду мало влияют на распределение масс этого элемента на поверхности Земли. Однако повышенное содержание серы в промышленных и бытовых отходах создают опасность для жизни на обширных территориях. Массированный выброс диоксида серы в атмосферу порождает кислотные дожди, которые могут выпадать далеко за пределами индустриальных районов. Загрязнение природных вод растворимыми соединениями серы несет угрозу живым организмам внутренних водоемов и прибрежных областей морей.